History

Surat, a significant medieval port, garnered international importance in world trade, as noted by Portuguese traveler Barbosa in 1514. Described as a bustling trade hub and crucial seaport, Surat faced adversity in 1512 when it was reportedly burnt by the Portuguese. Subsequent attacks under the leadership of Antonio da Silvaria in 1530 and 1531 further devastated the city, prompting Ahmedabad king Sultan Mahmud Shah III to commission the construction of a robust fortress in response to Portuguese aggression.

Safi Agha, titled Khudawand Khan, a Turkish soldier entrusted with the task, strategically selected three potential sites for the fort. Completed in a inspiration from Portuguese style, the fort had an irregular square plan, 20 Gaj (yard) high walls, and large round bastions at each corner with a height of 12.2 meters and a wall thickness of 4.1 meters. With a focus on defense against Portuguese attacks, Khudawand Khan fortified the structure by incorporating cannons and employed innovative construction methods, such as bonding masonry with iron strips and filling joints with melted lead.

However, during restoration, excavations revealed that a smaller fort existed during the Tughlaq dynasty (c. 1351-1388 A.D.), preceding the current structure. Over time, modifications occurred during the Sultanate period, Mughal rule, British occupation, and post-independence adjustments by various government entities. The fort’s evolution mirrors the dynamic history of Surat, adapting to the needs of different rulers and administrations.